Tejel 2009: 48
Tejel, Jordi (2009). Syria’s Kurds: History, Politics, and Society, New York, Routledge.

Van Bruinessen 2016: 7
Van Bruinessen, Martin (2016). “Kurdish Identities and Kurdish Nationalisms in the Early Twenty-first Century,” Academia (pdf).

Allsopp 2015: 21
Allsopp, Harriet (2015). The Kurds of Syria, London, I.B. Tauris.

Seurat 2012
Seurat, Michel (2012). L’etat de barbarie Syrie, 1979–1982, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, Proche-Orient.

Pinto 2010: 265
Pinto, Paulo Gabriel Hilu (2010). “Les Kurdes en Syrie,” in Dupret B., Ghazzal Z., Courbage Y., and al-Dbiyat M. (eds.), La Syrie au présent (Paris, Sindbad/Actes Sud and Ifpo), pp. 259–268.

Bozarslan 2009: 68
Bozarslan, Hamit (2009). Conflit kurde, Le brasier oublié du Moyen-Orient, Paris, Autrement, Mondes et Nations.

McDowall 1998: 65
McDowall, David (1998). The Kurds of Syria, London, Kurdish Human Rights Project.

The Kurdish Project 2017
Kurdish Project (2017). “KDP: Kurdistan Democratic Party” (online). Available at: https://thekurdishproject.org/history-and-culture/kurdish-democracy/kdp-kurdistan-democratic-party/ (accessed August 30, 2017).

ICG 2013: 12
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2013). “Syria’s Kurds: A Struggle Within a Struggle” (pdf). Available at: https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/syrias-kurds-a-struggle-within-a-struggle.pdf (accessed February 20, 2014).

Lowe 2006: 5
Lowe, Robert (2006). “The Syrian Kurds: A People Discovered,” Chatam House (pdf). Available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Middle%20East/bpsyriankurds.pdf (accessed June 20, 2011).

Schmidinger 2018: 76
Schmidinger, Thomas (2018). Rojava: Revolution, War, and the Future of Syria’s Kurds, London, Pluto Press.

Kurd Watch 2012a;
Kurd Watch (2012a). “Abdussalam ‘Uthman, Politician and Activist” (online). Available at: http://www.kurdwatch.org/syria_article.php?aid=2719&z=en&cure=240 (accessed February 20, 2013).

Aziz Abd El-Krim 2016;
Abd El-Krim, Aziz (2014). Former activist in ’Amuda, interview, May 2014, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Darwish 2016a;
Darwish, S. (2016a). “Cities in Revolution: Qamishli,” Syria Untold (online), August 6. Available at: http://cities.syriauntold.com/#_ednref7 (accessed October 11, 2016).

Hassaf 2018
Hassaf, Alan (2018). Former activist in Syria and member of the Union of Free Syrian Students, Geneva.

Sabbagh 2016b
Sabbagh, Hazem (2016b). “Civil Democratic Gathering of Syrian Kurds Marks Newroz and Mother’s Day,” Syrian Arab News Agency

Abdallah, al-Abd Hayy, e Khoury 2012
Abdallah, Tamam, Abd Hayy (al-), Tarek, and Khoury, Ernest (2012). “Stuck in the Middle: The Struggle for Syria’s Kurds,” Al-Akhbar

(Sírios pela Verdade e a Justiça) (Sheikho 2018).
Sheikho, Kamal (2018). “Over 19,000 Syrian Kurds Deprived of Citizenship, 46,000 Remain Stateless,” Asharq Awsat (online). Available

Orient le Jour 2011e
Orient le Jour (2011e). “Assad fait un geste envers les Kurdes” (online). April 8. Available at: http://www.lorientlejour.com/article/698857/Assad_fait_un_geste_envers_les_Kurdes.html (accessed April 10, 2011).

Nono Ali 2011
Nono Ali (2011). “Tashîî’ al-shahîd al-batl mash’al al-tamû fî al-Qâmishlî âkbar muzhâhara,” YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKVfMPWyE78 (accessed November 10, 2011).

Youssef S. 2016;
Youssef, Shiar (2016). Activist from Amuda in exile since 2014, interview May 2016, Paris.

Abd el-Krim 2016;
Abd El-Krim, Aziz (2014). Former activist in ’Amuda, interview, May 2014, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Lundi Matin 2018
Lundi Matin (2018). “Les révolutionnaires n’ont pas d’autre choix que de s’armer” (online). Available at: https://lundi.am/Les-revolutionnaires-n-ont-pas-eu-d-autre-choix-que-de-s-armer (accessed March 1, 2018).

Tansîqîya al-tâkhî al-kûrdîya 2011;
Tansîqîya al-tâkhî al-kûrdîya (2011). “Home,” Facebook (online). Available at: https://www.facebook.com/pg/SyriaBirati/about/?ref=page_internal (accessed December 10, 2012).

All4Syria 2013
All4Syria (2013). “Mubâdara nushatâ` kurd sûrîîn min âjl tal âbîyad” (online). Available at: http://www.all4syria.info/Archive/91463 (accessed December 10, 2013).

ICG 2013: 9
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2013). “Syria’s Kurds: A Struggle Within a Struggle” (pdf). Available at: https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/syrias-kurds-a-struggle-within-a-struggle.pdf (accessed February 20, 2014).

Kurd Watch 2013b: 4;
Kurd Watch (2013b). “What Does the Syrian-Kurdish Opposition Want? Politics Between Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Damascus, and Qandil” (pdf), September. Available at: http://www.kurdwatch.org/pdf/KurdWatch_A009_en_Parteien2.pdf (accessed May 30, 2014).

Othman 2016
Othman, Fatmeh (2016). Former activist in Damascus and Qamishlo, discussion in July 2016, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Hossino e Tamir 2012
Hossino, Omar, and Tanir, Ilhan (2012). “The Decisive Minoriry: The Role of Syria’s Kurds in the Anti-Assad Revolution,” The Henry

Kajj e Sinclair 2011
Kajjo, Sirwan, and Sinclair, Christian (2011). “The Evolution of Kurdish Politics in Syria,” MERIP (online). Available at: http://www.merip.org/mero/mero083111#_3_ (accessed September 30, 2011).

Carnegie 2012b
Carnegie (2012b). “The Kurdish National Council in Syria” (online). February 15. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=48502 (accessed March 30, 2012).

Halhalli 2018:
Halhalli, Bekir (2018). “Kurdish Political Parties in Syria: Past Struggles and Future Expectations,” in Tugdar, Emel Elif and Serhun, Al (eds.), Comparative Kurdish Politics in the Middle East: Actors, Ideas, and Interests (London, Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 27–56.

Syria Freedom Forever 2013a
Syria Freedom Forever (2013a). “Statement by the Kurdish Youth Movement (TCK) About the Latest Events in the City of Amouda, and Videos and Pictures from the Protests and Sit-ins” (online), June 23. Available at: https://syriafreedomforever.wordpress.com/2013/06/23/statement-by-the-kurdish-youth-movement-tck-about-the-latest-events-in-the-city-of-amouda-and-videos-and-pictures-from-the-protests-and-sit-ins/ (accessed June 23, 2013).

Zakwan Hadid 2013
Zakwan, Hadid (2013). “‘Âmûdâ -27-6-3013–îtlâq al-rasâs al-kathîf min qibl hizb PYD ‘ala al-mutazhârîn,” YouTube (online). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmWDbTQ0kfA&feature=youtu.be (accessed June 27, 2013).

Human Rights Watch 2014: 4
Human Rights Watch (2014a). “Razed to the Ground: Syria’s Unlawful Neighborhood Demolitions in 2012–2013” (online), January 30. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/01/30/razed-ground/syrias-unlawful-neighborhood-demolitions-2012-2013 (accessed July 20, 2014).

IRIN
IRIN (2012). “As Kurds Enter the Fray, Risk of Conflict Grows” (online). Available at: http://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2012/08/02/kurds-enter-fray-risk-conflict-grows (accessed January 20, 2013).

Carnegie 2012ª
Carnegie (2012a). “The Kurdish Democratic Union Party” (online). March 1. Available at: http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=48526 (accessed March 20, 2012).

Arafat 2017b
Arafat, Hisham (2017b). “Syrian Kurdish PYD Elects New Co-chairs in Rojava,” Kurdistan 24 (online), September 30. Available at: http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/video/4861d542-8761-4ea6-a90a-38d6eb8233ed (accessed October 20, 2017).

Cagaptay 2012;
Cagaptay Soner (2012). “Syria and Turkey: The PKK Dimension,” Washington Institute (online). Available at: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/syria-and-turkey-the-pkk-dimension (accessed December 10, 2012).

Grojean 2017
Grojean, Olivier (2017). La révolution kurde, le PKK et la fabrique d’une utopie, Paris, La Découverte.

Abd Hayy (al-) e Khoury 2012
Abdallah, Tamam, Abd Hayy (al-), Tarek, and Khoury, Ernest (2012). “Stuck in the Middle: The Struggle for Syria’s Kurds,” Al-Akhbar English (online). Available at: https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235000214-kurds-and-the-syrian-revolution/ (accessed July 30, 2012).

Carnegie 2012b
Carnegie (2012b). “The Kurdish National Council in Syria” (online). February 15. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=48502 (accessed March 30, 2012).

Sary 2015: 9
Sary, Ghadi (2016). “Kurdish Self-Governance in Syria: Survival and Ambition” Chatam House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs (pdf). Available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/publications/research/2016-09-15-kurdish-self-governance-syria-sary_0.pdf (accessed October 10, 2016).

KNC 2016a
Kurdish National Council (KNC) (2016a). “About the KNC” (online). Available at: http://knc-geneva.org/?page_id=49&lang=en (accessed February 2016).

Smart News Agency 2016
SMART News Agency (2016). “ Waqfa îhtijâjîyya f î ‘Âmûdâ bi-rîf al-Hasaka liltandîd bi-tasrîhât ‘a l-Zu’ bî wa “ al-Ja’farî’,” (online), March 28. Available at: https://smartnews-agency.com/ar/media/167515/ (accessed June 30, 2016).

al-Jazeera English 2016
Jazeera (-al) English (2016). “George Sabra: A Unity Government Is Unacceptable” (online). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9fIH8Pq-Q4&feature=youtu.be (accessed December 20, 2016).

KNC 2017
Kurdish National Council (KNC) (2017). “Press Release: Kurdish National Council Suspends Participation in Current Round of Negotiations” (online), March 31. Available at: http://knc-geneva.org/?p=1310&lang=en (accessed April 3, 2017).

Carnegie 2012b
Carnegie (2012b). “The Kurdish National Council in Syria” (online). February 15. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=48502 (accessed March 30, 2012).

citado em Dunya Times 2012
Dunya Times (2012). “FSA Leader Asaad: We Will not Allow Kurdish Separatism” (online). Available at: http://en.dunyatimes.com/article/FSA-leader-Asaad-We-will-not-allow-Kurdish-separatism.html (accessed March 20, 2013).

Kurd Watch 2012b
Kurd Watch (2012b). “Minutes of the Meeting” (online). Available at: http://www.kurdwatch.org/pdf/KurdWatch_D027_en_ar.pdf (accessed December 20, 2012).

ICG 2013: 14; Ayboga, Flach e Knapp 2016: 56-57
Ayboga, Ercan, Flach, Anja, and Knapp, Michael (2016). Revolution in Rojava: Democratic Autonomy and Women’s Liberation in Syrian Kurdistan, translated by Biehl, Janet, London, Pluto Press.

Naharnet 2013
Naharnet (2013). “Turkey Warns Syrian Kurd Leader Against Autonomy Plans” (online), July 27. Available at: http://www.naharnet.com/stories/92119-turkey-warns-syrian-kurd-leader-against-autonomy-plans/print (accessed February 24, 2014).

Khoshnawi 2013
Khoshnawi, Hemin (2013). “Salih Muslim’s Ankara Visit Marks Major Policy Change,” Rudaw (online). Available at: http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/29072013 (accessed March 30, 2014).

The Syria Report 2016f
The Syria Report (2016f). “Syria’s Manufacturing Sector in Dire Straits” (online), July 19. Available at: http://www.syria-report.com/news/manufacturing/syrias-manufacturing-sector-dire-straits (accessed December 20, 2016).

Haid 2017a
Haid, H. (2017a). “Can the Syrian Regime Expel Kurdish Forces out of Aleppo?” Atlantic Council (online), February 3. Available at: http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/can-the-syrian-regime-expel-kurdish-forces-out-of-aleppo (accessed February 13, 2017).

The New Arab 2016a
The New Arab (2016a). “US Scrambles Jets to Protect Advisers in Syria: Pentagon,” Al-Araby (online), August 20. Available at: https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/8/20/us-scrambles-jets-to-protect-advisers-in-syria-pentagon? utm_campaign=magnet&utm_source=article_page&utm_medium=related_articles (accessed August 20, 2016).

Perry e Said 2016
Perry, Tom, and Said, Rody (2016). “Syria Kurds Win Battle with Government, Turkey Mobilizes Against Them,” Reuters (online). Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-kurds-idUSKCN10Y127 (accessed August 24, 2016).

al-Sultan 2016;
Sultan (al-), Daham (2016). “Yâzijî: qad tûwajud âyâd khafîya tataqasad ‘adm wûsûl al-dawâ` îla al-hasaka … makhlûf: sana’îd al-nazhr bi-bunûd al-’uqûd wa al-îstithmârât,” al-Watan (online). Available at: http://alwatan.sy/archives/71395 (accessed September 30, 2016).

The Syria Report 2016d
The Syria Report (2016d). “Syrian Regime Pours Billions to Buy Loyalty of Coastal Region” (online), April 24. Available at: http://www.syria-report.com/news/economy/syrian-regime-pours-billions-buy-loyalty-coastal-region (accessed April 28, 2016).

Jamal, Nelson e Yosfi 2015;
Jamal, Moutasem, Nelson, Maria, and Yosfi, Yaman (2015). “New PYD Curricula in Northern Syria Reveal Ideological, Linguistic Fault Lines,” Syria Direct (online). Available at: http://syriadirect.org/news/new-pyd-curriculum-in-northern-syria-reveals-ideological- linguistic-fault-lines/ (accessed December 29, 2015).

The Syria Report 2016i
The Syria Report (2016i). “Regime Media Calls for Reducing Government Payments in Areas Outside Its Control” (online), September 20. Available at: http://www.syria-report.com/news/economy/regime-media-calls-reducing-government-payments-areas-outside-its-control (accessed September 30, 2016).

Zaman al-Wasl 2016c.
Zaman al-Wasl (2016c). “Major General al-Musa Appointed al-Hasakah Province New Governor” (online), October 17. Available at: https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/19378 (accessed November 20, 2017).

SANA 2016b;
Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) (2016b). “New Governor of Hasaka Sworn in Before President al-Assad” (online), October 17. Available at: http://sana.sy/en/?p=90738 (accessed January 10, 2017).

Zaman al-Wasl 2016c
Zaman al-Wasl (2016c). “Major General al-Musa Appointed al-Hasakah Province New Governor” (online), October 17. Available at: https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/19378 (accessed November 20, 2017).

Abdulssattar Ibrahim, Nassar e Schuster 2017
Abdulssattar Ibrahim, Mohammad, Nassar, Alaa, and Schuster, Justin (2017). “Power Struggle Between Regime, Kurdish Self- Administration Plays out in Region’s Largest Public Hospital,” Syria Direct (online). Available at: http://syriadirect.org/news/power- struggle-between-regime-kurdish-self-administration-plays-out-in-region’s-largest-public-hospital/ (accessed May 12, 2017).

Zaman al-Wasl 2017d
Zaman al-Wasl (2017d). “Assad Regime Forms New Militia from Hassakeh Tribesmen,” The Syrian Observer (online), April 11. Available at: http://syrianob-server.com/EN/News/32593/Assad_Regime_Forms_New_Militia_from_Hassakeh_Tribesmen (accessed April 12, 2017).

Al-Khalidi e Spetalnick 2017
Khalidi (al-), Suleiman, and Spetalnick, Matt (2017). “U.S. Warplane Downs Syrian Army Jet in Raqqa Province,” Reuters (online). Avalaible at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-idUSKBN1990XI (accessed June 20, 2017).

Van Wilgenburg 2017b
Van Wilgenburg, W. (2017b). “If Bombed by Russia in Deir-Ezzor Again, the US Coalition and SDF Vow They Will Fight Back,” The Region (online), September 17. Available at: http://theregion.org/article/11571-if-bombed-by-russia-in-deir-ezzor-again-the-us-coalition-and-sdf-vow-they-will-fight-back (accesed September 17, 2017).

Dadouch e Perry 2017
Dadouch, Sarah, and Perry, Tom (2017). “U.S.-Backed Syrian Fighters Say Will not Let Govt. Forces Cross Euphrates,” Reuters (online). Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria/u-s-backed-syrian-fighters-say-will-not-let-govt-forces- cross-euphrates-idUKKCN1BQ27C (accessed September 18, 2017).

Reuters 2017d; \\Reuters (2017d). “Damascus Says Syrian Kurdish Autonomy Negotiable: Report” (online), September 26. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-kurds/damascus-says-syrian-kurdish-autonomy-negotiable-report- idUSKCN1C10TJ (accessed September 27, 2017).

Tejel, citado em Souleiman 2017
Souleiman, Dalil (2017). “Le double message de Damas sur l’autonomie du Rojava” (online). Available at https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1074849/le-double-message-de-damas-sur-lautonomie-du-rojava.html (accessed September 27, 2017)

Rudaw 2017b
Rudaw (2017b). “Kurds Allied with US Are ‘Traitors,’ Says Assad” (online), December 18. Available at: http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/181220171 (accessed December 18, 2017).

SANA 2017f
Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) (2017f). “Foreign Ministry: Raqqa Still Occupied, Can Only Be Considered Liberated When Syrian Army Enters It” (online), October 30. Available at: https://sana.sy/en/?p=116827 (accessed November 30, 2017).

ICG 2014a: 8
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2014a). “Flight of Icarus? The PYD’s Precarious Rise in Syria” (pdf), May 8. Available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus- the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf (accessed December 20, 2014).

Human Rights Watch 2014: 15-16
Human Rights Watch (2014b). “Under Kurdish Rule Abuses in PYD-Run Enclaves of Syria” (pdf), June 14. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria0614_kurds_ForUpload.pdf (accessed July 20, 2014).

Van Wilgenburg 2014a
Van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (2014a). “Syrian Kurds Aim to Benefit from Islamist Infighting,” al-Monitor (online), January 16. Available at: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/01/islamist-infighting-aids-syrian-kurds.html (accessed March 30, 2014).

Itani e Stein 2016: 7
Itani, Faysal, and Stein, Aaron (2016). “Turkey’s Syria Predicament,” Atlantic Council (pdf). Available at: http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Turkey_s_Syria_Predicament.pdf (accessed October 20, 2016).

ICG 2014a: 8
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2014a). “Flight of Icarus? The PYD’s Precarious Rise in Syria” (pdf), May 8. Available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus- the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf (accessed December 20, 2014).

Van Wilgenburg 2014b
Van Wilgenburg, W. (2014b). “Syrian Kurds, Rebels Find Common Enemy in ISIS,” al-Monitor (online), March 27. Available at: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/syria-kurds-pyd-ypg-isis-rebels-kobani-afrin.html#ixzz4QNz7y4YC (accessed March 30, 2014).

Lister 2015: 285
Lister, Charlie (2015). The Syrian Jihad, New York, Hurst.

Comando Geral do YPG 2014
General Command of the YPG (2014). “Statement of YPG General Command on Kobani and Fight Against ISIS,” Personal Website of Mutlu Civiroglu (online). Available at: https://civiroglu.net/2014/10/19/statement-of-ypg-general-command-on-kobani-and-fight-against-isis/ (accessed November 20, 2014).

SOHR 2015b;
Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) (2015b). “After the Agreement Held Between the Operation Room of Fateh Halab and YPG, a New Agreement Held Between the Operation Room of Mare’ and al-Thuwar Army in the northern countryside of Aleppo” (online), December 20. Available at: http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=40757 (accessed December 21, 2015).

Enab Baladi 2015
Enab Baladi (2015). “Tafâhumât bayn al-âkrâd wa ghurf al-’amalîyyât taqlibu al-tâwila fî halab” (online). Available at: http://www.enabbaladi.org/archives/56977 (accessed December 21, 2015).

ICG 2014a: 5-7
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2014a). “Flight of Icarus? The PYD’s Precarious Rise in Syria” (pdf), May 8. Available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf (accessed December 20, 2014).

Shocked 2016
Shocked, Shell (2016). “Friends or Foes?–A Closer Look on Relations Between the Kurdish YPG and the Syrian Regime,” offiziere.ch (online). Available at: https://offiziere.ch/?p=29051 (accessed September 10, 2016).

ANHA Hawar News Agency 2016 \\ANHA Hawar News Agency (2016). “TEV-DEM Distributes Food to Migrants in Sheikh Maqsoud” (online). Available at: http://en.hawarnews.com/tev-dem-distributes-food-to-migrants-in-sheikh-maqsoud/ (accessed December 18, 2016).

Orton 2016;
Orton, Kyle (2016). “The ‘Syrian Kurds’ Helped Assad Take Aleppo City,” The Syrian Intifada (online). Available at: https://kyleorton1991.wordpress.com/2016/11/30/the-syrian-kurds-helped-assad-take-aleppo-city/ (accessed January 10, 2017).

SOHR 2016
Syrian Observatory of Human Rights (SOHR) (2016). “Madîna halab tushad khurûj k âme l al-qism alshmâl î min âhîyâ` h alab al-sharqîya ’a n saytara al-fasâ`il” (online). Available at: http://www.syriahr.com/2016/11/28/ (accessed January 15, 2017).

Rudaw 2018c
Rudaw (2018c). “Syrian Rebels Allege Kurd-Assad Alliance to Justify Afrin Operation” (online), January 31. Available at: http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/300120183 (accessed February 1, 2018).

Facebook 2018a, 2018b
Facebook (2018a). (online). Available at: https://www.facebook.com/tito.free.14/videos/1595844353869530/ (accessed January 22, 2018).
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UNHCR 2018
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2018). “Syria Factsheet (January‒November 2018),” Reliefweb (online). Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/unhcr-syria-factsheet-january-november-2018 (accessed January 4, 2019).

Dadouch 2018
Dadouch, Sarah (2018). “Up to 15,000 Syrian Rebels Ready to Back Turkish Operation in Northeast,” Reuters (online). Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria/up-to-15000-syrian-rebels-ready-to-back-turkish-operation-in-northeast-idUKKBN1OC1IR (accessed December 13, 2018).

Arafat 2017b
Arafat, Hisham (2017b). “Syrian Kurdish PYD Elects New Co-chairs in Rojava,” Kurdistan 24 (online), September 30. Available at: http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/video/4861d542-8761-4ea6-a90a-38d6eb8233ed (accessed October 20, 2017).

al-Darwish D. 2016: 18
Darwish (al-), Daryous (2016). “Local Governance Under the Democratic Autonomous Administration of Rojava,” in Collombier V., Favier A., and Narbone L. (eds.), Inside Wars: Local Dynamics of Conflicts in Syria and Libya, European University Institute Italy (pdf). Available at: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/41644/Inside%20wars_2016.pdf (accessed October 30, 2016), pp. 16–21.

Perry 2016
Perry, Tom (2016). “Federal Plan for Northern Syria Advances with U.S.-Backed Forces,” Reuters (online). Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-federalism-idUSKCN0Z21FN (accessed June 26, 2016).

citado em Sheikho 2017
Sheikho, Kamal (2017). “Kurdish Women’s Organizations: Awareness and Politics,” Syria Untold (online). Available at: http://www.syriauntold.com/en/2017/04/kurdish-women’s-organizations-spreading-awareness/ (accessed June 20, 2017).

Ulloa 2017;
Ulloa, Silvia (2017). “Assyrians Under Kurdish Rule: The Situation in Northeastern Syria,” Assyrian Confederation of Europe (pdf). Available at: http://www.aina.org/reports/ace201701.pdf (accessed July 20, 2017).

Yazigi 2017: 10
Yazigi, J. (2017). “Destruct to Reconstruct, How the Syrian Regime Capitalises on Property Destruction and Land Legislation,” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (pdf). Available at: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/13562.pdf (accessed July 30, 2017).

Edwards e Hamou 2018
Edwards, Madeline, and Hamou, Ammar (2018). “In Syria’s Relatively Quiet, Majority-Kurdish Northeast, Rumblings of Assyrian Discontent,” Syria Direct (online). Available at: https://syriadirect.org/news/in-syria’s-relatively-quiet-majority-kurdish-northeast- rumblings-of-assyrian-discontent/ (accessed November 1, 2018).

Nassar e Wilcox 2016
Nassar Alaa, and Wilcox Orion (2016). “US-Backed SDF Reportedly Opens Fire on Protestors, 1 Killed,” Syria Direct (online). Available at: http://syriadirect.org/news/us-backed-sdf-reportedly-opens-fire-on-protestors-1-killed/ (accessed April 29, 2016).

al-Homsi 2017
Homsi (al-), Fadel (2017). “Tal Rifaat: A Hill with Many Flags,” al-Jumhuriya (online). Available at: https://www.aljumhuriya.net/en/content/tal-rifaat-hill-many-flags (accessed December 20, 2017).

Rudaw 2017a
Rudaw (2017a). “Turkish Official Says Afrin in Rojava Should Be Cleared of YPG” (online), July 29. Available at: http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/29062017 (accessed July 29, 2017).

Khalaf 2016: 17-20
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Yazigi 2016c:
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Abdulhalim, Mohammed, e Van Wilgenburg 2016
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Shiwesh 2016
Shiwesh, Ahmed (2016). “Rojava Administration Launches New Curriculum in Kurdish, Arabic, and Assyrian,” ARA News (online). Available at: http://aranews.net/2016/10/rojava-administration-launches-new-education-system-kurdish-arabic-assyrian-2/ (accessed November 29, 2016).

Mahir Yilmazkaya, 2016
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Orient News 2015
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Orton 2017
Orton, K. (2017). “The Coalition’s Partner in Syria: The Syrian Democratic Forces,” The Syrian Intifada (online). Available at: https://kyleorton1991.wordpress.com/2017/07/09/the-coalitions-partner-in-syria-the-syrian-democratic-forces/#more-4002 (accessed July 9, 2017).

Van Wilgenburg 2014c
Van Wilgenburg, W. (2014c). “Syrian Kurds Appoint Arab Governor in Hasakah, Bid for International Support,” Middle East Eye (online), July 31. Available at: http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-kurds-appoint-arab-governor-hasakah-bid-international-support-1313083527 (accessed September 20, 2014).

Khaddour 2017b
Khaddour K. (2017b). “Eastern Expectations: The Changing Dynamics in Syria’s Tribal Regions,” Carnegie Middle East Center (online), February 28. Available at: http://carnegie-mec.org/2017/02/28/eastern-expectations-changing-dynamics-in-syria-s-tribal- egions-pub-68008 (accessed May 20, 2017).

Enzinna 2015
Enzinna, Wes (2015). “A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS’ Backyard,” The New York Times (online). Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html?_r=1 (accessed May 20, 2016).

Ayboga 2017
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al-Hayat 2017;
Hayat (-al) (2017). “SDF Launches ‘Raqqa Civil Council’ as Battle to Free ISIS Capital Nears,” The Syrian Obesver (online). Available at: http://www.syrianobserver.com/EN/News/32637/SDF_Launches_Raqqa_Civil_Council_as_Battle_Free_ISIS_Capital_Nears (accessed April 20, 2017).

al-Maleh e Nassar 2018
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Khalaf 2016: 20
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Reuters 2017f
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Lund 2017e
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Khedder Khaddour, 2017c
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Sary 2016: 14
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Jihad Yazigi, 2015
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Glioti 2016
Glioti, Andrea (2016). “Rojava: A Libertarian Myth Under Scrutiny,” Al-Jazeera English (online). Available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/08/rojava-libertarian-myth-scrutiny-160804083743648.html (accessed August 10, 2016).

Said 2016
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Kurdish Question 2016
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Sly 2016
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DW 2016
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al-Souria Net 2016a;
Souria (al-), Net (2016a). “Syrian Opposition Warns Against Kurdish Federalism,” The Syrian Observer (online), March 17. Available at: http://syrianobserver.com/EN/News/30728/Syrian_Opposition_Warns_Against_Kurdish_Federalism/ (accessed March 30, 2016).

Syria Freedom Forever 2016
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ADN Kronos International 2016
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Citado em Noureddine 2016
Noureddine, Mohamed (2016). “PKK Foreign Relations Head Speaks Out,” al-Monitor (online). Available at: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2016/07/turkey-coup-pkk-kurds-rojava-us-intervention.html (accessed December 20, 2016).

Arafat 2017a
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Citado em Abdulssatar Ibrahim e Schuster 2017
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Human Rights Watch 2014: 1-2
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Yekiti Media 2014
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Syria Direct 2014; Ahmad e Edelman 2017
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Osman 2017
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Issa 2016: 13
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Mustapha 2015
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Lund 2015d
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al-Maleh e Nassar 2018
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Rudaw 2015
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Osborn e Tattersall 2016
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ICG 2017: 14
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Reuters 2017c
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Barrington e Said 2016
Barrington, Lisa, and Said, Rodi (2016). “Kurdish, Syrian Government Forces Declare Truce in Qamishli Area: Statement,” Reuters (online). Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-qamashli-idUSKCN0XK05I (accessed August 30, 2016).

Stewart 2017
Stewart, Phil (2017). “U.S. Tells Turkey It Supports Ankara’s Fight Against PKK,” Reuters (online). Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-turkey-mattis-idUSKBN1871F0 (accessed May 12, 2017).

Yalla Souriya 2016;
Yalla Souriya (2016). “#Syria|Aleppo|PKK/YPG pulls out” (online). Available at: https://yallasouriya.wordpress.com/2016/12/29/syriaaleppopkkypg-pulls-out/ (accessed December 29, 2016).

Haid 2017a
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Rudaw 2016
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Iddon 2017
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Asharq al-Awsat 2018
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Shekhani 2018
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Gall, Landler e Schmitt 2018;
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Rudaw 2018a
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ANF News 2018
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Caliskan e Toksabay 2018
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Rudaw 2018b
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Abdulssattar Ibrahim e al-Maleh 2018
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Zaman 2017
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Enab Baladi 2018q
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YPG 2018
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Jear Press 2019
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DEIXE UMA RESPOSTA

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